theory of depression

Albert bandura, behaviorism is a theory of learning and it believes that all behaviors are learned as a result of conditioning.

Juilian rotter,social learning theory and it it basically that people can learn through observing other people.

Martin seligman, positive psychology what this theory is to find a better way to make people that suffer from sadness become a happier person.

Aaron beck,cognitive bahavioral theory focuses on how people think, what they see from vision and hearing, how much they hold and remember and how they react to a stimuli.

The lobotomist

Dr. Freeman was born on November 14, 1895 “in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to Walter Jackson Freeman I. His father was a successful doctor, and his grandfather, William Williams Keen, was president of the American Medical Association. He graduated from Yale University and the University of Pennsylvania Medical School”. Was a good doctor a doctor that wanted to write his own future because he made something that many doctor don’t even try, a dangerous surgery, we can call this the lobotomy, a surgery to change your emotions, for you don’t have a mental illness. He made the lobotomy on the frontal lobes, it often worked but many called Mr. Freeman a monster because that surgery had many side effects but he didn’t care and he carry on with his experiment. The first patient was a woman, all worked right, it simply worked. He gave her electro shocks to be like anesthesia and then he got the ice pick and separated the lobes. There was a hospital name St. Elizabeth hospital all the mentally ill end up there, because their families didn’t knew what to do, that was their only choice. The hospital was very horrible because all the mentally ill damage all. Dr. Freeman got many ideas from the Nobel Prize winner for medicine the Portuguese neurologist Egaz Muniz. Dr. Freeman everyday he studied that surgery and all was going well. The symptoms go away for months then the patients relapsed. Many didn’t agree with the lobotomy so that made freeman find a new path to the brain, and then he started to do the lobotomies in front of the press, he made 25 lobotomies in one day. In 1954 they invented the chemical lobotomy and that made Dr.freeman become infamous because all the doctors were prescribing that chemical lobotomy. With the start of antipsychotic drugs, notably chlorpromazine, in the middle of the 1950s, lobotomy fell out of service as a treatment, and Freeman saw his reputation fall quickly. His license to practice medicine was canceled when a patient he was lobotomizing at the Cherokee Mental Health Institute died when he went back for a photo, by accident bouncing the orbitoclast. He continued to drive cross country in his car to visit his former patients. “Freeman's most notorious operation was on the ill-fated Rosemary Kennedy, who was permanently incapacitated by a lobotomy at age 23. Another of his patients, Howard Dully, has now written a book called My Lobotomy about his experiences with Freeman and his long recovery after the surgery he underwent at 12 years old. The claim that Freeman operated on actress Frances Farmer has been conclusively disproven, when its originator admitted in a court proceeding that he had made it up. Researchers have found no reference in Farmer's medical records to an operation while she was not institutionalized, nor did they find a reference to Farmer in Freeman's patient records.” Dr. Freeman too many was the one who revolutionized medicine because he made many things to bring us conclusions to have a better future. Dr. Freeman died in 192 from cancer.http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_EmYZKc7VwZA/SZs1nX2A6ZI/AAAAAAAAAAM/_cYWpARYdPY/s400/freeman2.jpg&imgrefurl=http://chincheukngen.blogspot.com/2009/02/dr-chin-cheuk-ngen.html&usg=__FBXDFUV-rnKGbgnz5Wf5wNoQnvk=&h=305&w=300&sz=16&hl=en&start=0&sig2=YS4rTiZbZAFaPuLxGqEf-Q&zoom=1&tbnid=Tw1v513O6dWV8M:&tbnh=131&tbnw=136&ei=XMSITa6yK4eF0QGzoMCZDg&prev=/images%3Fq%3Ddr%2Bfreeman%2Blobotomy%26hl%3Den%26biw%3D930%26bih%3D558%26gbv%3D2%26tbs%3Disch:10%2C84&itbs=1&iact=hc&vpx=123&vpy=221&dur=3735&hovh=226&hovw=223&tx=172&ty=171&oei=XMSITa6yK4eF0QGzoMCZDg&page=1&ndsp=16&ved=1t:429,r:11,s:0&biw=930&bih=558

bipolar disorder

After watching the documentary I realize that there are other dangerous diseases among the common ones, the story of evan for me it is very sad, he looked like a nice kid but I notice that sometimes he was sad because I saw his face expressions. Also I can notice that bipolar disorder is a illness that can make you die, those type of kids that suffer from bipolar disorder have a harder life because you don’t know why you change of mood every second, they want to suicide themselves because they don’t like their life’s, also they cant control their brain because when they are bipolar only medications can cure it, they pass through scary and hurting machines to control the bipolar disorder like to some that the pills don’t work the shock them with a electric machine, and they are convulsing after that so I feel with a deep hole in my heart because that make me say thanks to god for all the blessings he had gave me, because I can see others that have worst life than the one I have, we all need to appreciate what god gave us and don’t be complaining about the things that happen to you.

internal assesment

The stroop effect was published by John Ridley Stroop, he published the effect on 1935 in English, but the effect really was published in 1929 in Germany. The experimented was conducted by john ridley stroop on 1935. his experiment was that the participants saw the name of one color and the name of the color be highlited with another color and they need to say what is the color that is highlited and that takes them a lot a time to do in other words to think. But what the stroop effect really means is that it shows that when two parts of the brain are given conflicting signals, it is super hard to figure out what is happening. In his experiment, John ridley stroop asked participants to verbally identify the color of each word is printed in and all did not say it fast it was hard for them. Stroop used participants who where from universities. Also “stroop tested his participants at different stages of practice with each task, to account for the effects of association. Stroop identified a large increase on the time taken by participants to complete the naming colored words tasks, an effect still pronounced against continued practice at each task”. “This interference is caused by the dominance of functional area of the brain that interprets written language, where the brain determines the meaning of words. Interpreting written language and speaking are classified by scientists as local stimuli.” What stroop also wanted to see was if the left part of the brain was stronger that the right side of the brain. He find out also that the brain can not be trained using normal methods to developed some areas of the brain, so stroop effects can not be reduced with training. Stimuli in Stroop paradigms can be divided in 3 groups neutral, congruent and incongruent. “Neutral stimuli comprise those in which only the text similarly to stimuli 1 of Stroop's experiment, or color similarly to stimuli 3 of Stroop's experiment) are displayed. Congruent stimuli are those in which the ink color and color name refer to the same concept for example the red word written in red). Incongruent stimuli are those in which ink color and concept differ”. John stroop wanted to make tricks to the brain, he made them think because the stroop effect is very tricky and no one can know how cheat it.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroop_effect
All in quotations was all the important things I found about stroop effect.

PLACEBO

The placebo effect is an effect cause by the placebo like if you have a problem in your leg and the doctor says that he checked your leg but truely he did not made a thing is just a placebo and then the next week or month the pacient will say it dosen't hurt, he healed his leg mentally by the placebo. Beecher wanted to show that the placebo has this effectiveness that can help everybody, he wanted to improve health by doing nothing or something fake, he wanted to improve the medical world, the studies always have problems this one for example when you do the study to many people mostly all the people will have some problems after the study like pain, depression even heart problems that always go wrong in a good study. This studies always have there bad thing for example when beecher wanted a reanalysis they did not found any work of him that is cited to his name so he lost all his hard work and investigations that it took several years to make them.That is a mayor problem for this studies, the placebo effect only affects in some people who have a mentally established mind.For me the effectiveness of the placebo effect is good because it helps many persons, we saw a video of a vietnam fromer soldeir who had a knee problem so the doctor made the operation but he did not made anything and by the next week the former soldeir did not have any pain so the effectiveness of the placebo is good in people who have in their mind that they want the pain to go away.

cultural differences

There is a thing called childhood amnesia is that you don't remember about things in your early childhood only if they are very emotional. There are people who grow up in societies that focus on personal history like in the united states or other that focus in the family history like Maori will have a very different childhood memory.Many psychologists want to find out more about that because is very interesting. Depending in what rgion you are your memory will be different because they are based in thir cultural way, everyone will have better or worst memory others advance or slow memory is very fascinating that your memory is different depending where do you live.

gender differences

There are sex differennces in episodic memory,a long term memory of emotions and favoring women. The study says that the women are more advance in many things than men like remebering things many things. the women also can remember symbolic and non linguistic information this is also called visouspatial processing.They say that women are better than man in remembering names and that women remember women faces better that men faces. To see if all of that is true they put three groups of participants with black and white pictures of hairless androgynous faces wich are the female faces, the study results were that women were able to remember the androgynous female faces than adrogynous male faces.The whole point is that women are better that men in the part of remembering things, I know a guy named Ron White and he is better than all women and men in remembering things he is the best.

article 3

Payne and Elizabeth Corrigan found that even "mild" emotional events like many rough things can make you do not forget you that and you hace a huge responobility in facing that. people make all to forget but the information they have will not go away.The UNC study took an aproach by asking 218 participants to react to photographs instead of text."The word 'murder,' for instance, may or may not make you afraid, but if you see a graphic, violent picture, it may be powerful enough emotionally to change the way you feel," Payne said. they saw that the participants by seeing the pictures, they never forgot them. and that makes them the results that you will "never" forget somethingts. In life i would use this to make the community see how your mind work.

http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/08/070815105026.htm

article 2

Weiwei Zhang, a postdoctoral scholar and Steve Luck a professor of psychology, both at the UC Davis Center for Mind and Brain hand out a pair of tests, both of which could separately measure two thingslike the accuracy of a short term memory and the probability that the memory still existed. the test was only was handed to 12 adults.the first test was one of squares to see the squares then see a wheel with the square colors and then see the 3 squares colorless one highlited. "When subjects retained a memory of the color, they clicked very close to it on the wheel — the distance between the click and the actual color indicating the accuracy of the memory. When color had disappeared from memory, however, subjects clicked at random on the wheel". the second test was the same only that instead of colors now shapes and the results are "The finding provides insight into the underlying mechanisms behind memory formation and retention. “The memories are not like flashlights that get progressively weaker as the battery runs low,” Luck said. “They are more like a laptop computer that continues working at the same speed until it suddenly shuts down.” This could be important in everyday life, he explained, because it would provide a mechanism to help us avoid the confusion that might arise if we tried to make decisions on the basis of weak, inaccurate memories." I can use this in the real life with my classmates and make them think.

http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/04/090429091806.htm

article 1

A group of neuroscientists at the university of queensland conducted the experiment of a new way to explain how emotional events can sometimes lead to disturbing long term memories, this neuroscientists were making a study of the almond-shaped part of the brain called the amygdala, the discover of a cellular mechanism underlying the formation of emotional memories. the scientists wich are Dr. Louise Faber an her colleagues have shown how noradrenaline, affects the amygdala by controling chemical and electrical pathways that make the memory formation.Dr. Faber told her crew that this experiment will help other scientists to look for treatments.
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/10/081028103111.htm

How is memory?

Explain the concept of sensory memory.
Is the first level, sensory memory retains the brief impression of a sensory stimulus itself has ended.

Give an example of sensory memory.
The ability to look at an item and remeber the picture in your head only by observation that is an example of sensory memory.

What is the capacity of our sensory memory?
Well sensory memory can get alotof things done at a time, but the image cang go quickly from the meemory.

4. Describe the concept of short-term memory.
is a system of temporarily storing and managing, it can only retain memory for a little time.

What is the "magic number" as it relates to short-term memory and who conducted the experiment which established this measurement?

that the number of items which can be held in the short term memory, and this magic number was conducted by george miller.

6. What is chunking?
Is taking induvidual units of information and then group them into larger units.

7. What has been determined to be the ideal size of "chunks" for both letters and numbers?

well the ideal size can be a little bit bigger that it usually be.

Which mode of encoding does short-term memory mostly rely on, acoustic or visual?

acoustic, because is faster to remember.

Explain the duration and capacity of long-term memory.

The duration can be of only 18 seconds that the only capacity.

10. Explain in detail the Atkinson-Shiffrin Model of memory.
is a better way to store things for a lot of time, it can chunk information into smaller models of memory.

11. Identify three criticisms or limitations of the Atkinson-Shiffrin Model of memory.
The three-box model says that theres is anything between short and ling term memory,and it says it only on long term system and one short term system, it do not give alot of emphasis to uncounsious processes.

12.Explain the Levels of Processing Model of memory.

memory happens because of processing information,when we relate something to something else, focuses on processes whick make up memory.

13. What is maintenance rehearsal - give an example.
is like when you want to buy some food and you call someone to give you the number and you repeat and repeat that number until you call the place.

14. What is elaborative rehearsal - give an example.

when you are in the airport someone says something in anther language then someone translate it.

15. Who developed the Levels of Processing Model and the concepts of maintenance and elaborative rehearsal?

Fergus I. M. Craik and Lockhart.


www.Google.com
www.wikipedia.com

alzheimer

Alzheimer disease for many people mostly all is a dangerous disease, it gives you a lot of sadness when you see all the people with alzheimer, it is just so sad like last time in class when we were watching a video of a old guy with alzheimer and he wrote blogs about it, he tells that alzheimer is making him depressed and sometimes when he is getting the mail from the mail box he dosen't know the way back to go home and that is very sad. From that man i have learn many things about alzheimer and many of the reasons he gave were very shocking like sometimes he did not remember were are the things only his cmputer to do his blogs but the other things sometimes he dosen't recognize them.Another story of alzheimer is a old man that lives in a retirement home that does not remeber his wife and he has a girlfriend in that place but it is not his fault is alzheimer fault, is very sad see a guy that has two beloved persons in his life and he sometimes dosen't recognize one is very sad. All of this alzheimer thing is very tragic and everybody can have that disease and that is why is very dangerous and mysterious. I can give you example of alzheimer in tv shows like in desperate house wives tom's mom has alzheimer and she did not recognize it and in grey's anatomy meredith will have alzheimer because her mom had it.

Stroop effect

The backround for this experiment is that it is a demonstration of reaction of time for example if you put names of colors but are written in other color you need to be quick to say the color of how is written.Many people has done that experiment, they are not quick to say because is very confusing but if you learn it well you can get it right. The stroop effect is conducted in a way where shows how the brain deals with conflicting things. it is the interference in the completion of a task that is caused by one area of the brain dominating and inhibiting the response of other areas that can work good. Agood example like i said before is the color identification task where the words naming a color such as yellow, purple or black are presented in different color of the name. A delay occurs in the proccesing of the color leading to a slower test reaction times and increase the mistakes, it makes an interference.This interference is caused by the dominance of functional of the brain that intertrps written language,where you can see that the brain determine the colors.The Stroop task has been made to study frontal function and attention in brain imaging studies. one example what stroop made is Stroop tested his participants at different stages of practice with each task, to account for the effects of association. Stroop identified a large increase on the time taken by participants to complete the Naming Color Words tasks, an effect still pronounced despite continued practice at each task. The stroop effect is very tricky you need to be full concentrated to make the good choices.

The Myth of Multitasking

1.Many psychologists thinks that multitasking is a myth and they are right is a myth because is impossible that people do that, is like doing soccer juggles with five balls is just impossible and if they can do it they will make it super horrible.

2.the response selection bottleneck refers of doing 2 dual task and how they manage doing it on in puts and out puts.

3.it is true what david meyer said because when you do or want to do miltitasking jobs is to release your strees and adrenaline that makes you do many things at the same time only when you have those effects.

4.what russel pldrack meant is that the multitasking affect the brain learning system because doing many things at the same time the brain gets confused that it dosent know what to do so is very difficult and dangerous doing that, that's why russel poldrack meant to say that.

5. what the author wants to end is that by doing multitasking the culture of right know will loose wisdom and will not be important in the future beause thts affecting their brains.

BaMbuti pygmies

The bambuti pygmies are african midgets that live in congo,Their language belongs to the Central Sudanic subgroup of the Nilo-Saharan phylum.the bambuti pygmies are hunters by blood and they have live in africa for a lon time. they are almost 30,000 to 40,000 pygmies in that region in africa. colin turnbull was a damous british antropologist, he became more famous by presenting a book of forest people he was one of the first antropologists to work on ethnomusicology.he went to congo because he wanted to do a study but not of the pygmies he was so curious about pygmes thats why he wanted to study them and that make him very famous. the pygmies were inexperience they didnt have contact with real life they did not discover new things they never seen people, the only see 7 feets far away because they always have been on the trees, when they saw s things form a big distance they tought it was something else because when the thing got closer they tought it was black magic because they didnt know that if you see something at a long distance it will be smaller and if they saw it close it will be bigger so they were very scared. i think that the pygmies are intelligent people if they could have experience because when colin came to congo he teach them how to interact with humans and different things, he was a teacher for him and thats why they showed him that they trust in him.

colin turnbull

Colin turnbull was a british antropologist, he was known by the forest people. He was born in london he went to a goood school named westminster school and then he went to magdalen college located in oxford, he was well educated that's why he became antropologist. after all his diplomas and degrees he could achive he went to the democratic republic of congo with newton beal a good friend that he met on india. those two started studying the BaMbuti pygmies.during all the time they were but that was not the goal of the trip. An odd job Turnbull picked up while in Africa at this time was working for the Hollywood producer Sam Spiegel. Spiegel hired Turnbull to assist in the construction and transportation of a boat needed for his film.The name of the boat was the african queen and the boat was used in the movie named the african queen.Then returning to Oxford in 1954, he began specializing in the anthropology of Africa. Turnbull remained in Oxford for two years before another field trip to Africa, finally focusing on the then-Belgian Congo and Uganda. After years of fieldwork, he finally achieved his anthropology doctorate from Oxford in 1964.

list

things i like
1.play soccer
2.hear minimal techno
3.go out to clubs
4.drive cars
5. buy stuff

things i dont like
1.work on school
2.play call of duty
3. watch the "liga nacional"
4.math
5.wake up early

external factors

The knowledge of familiarity with or expectations about, a given situation or previous experiences will influence perception. External factors refer to the nature characteristics of the stimuli. There is usually a tendency to give more attention to stimuli. Any number of these factors may be presented at a given time or situation. It is therefore, the total pattern of the stimuli together with the context in which they occur that influence perception. For example, it is usually a novel or unfamiliar stimulus that is more of a friend among a group of people all dressed in the same style uniform.

internal factors

Our sensory system have limits, we are not able to see for ‘miles and miles’. Neither we are able to hear very low or very high-pitched sounds. All our senses have specialist nerves, which respond differently to the forms of energy, which are received. For instance, our eyes receive and concert the light waves into electrical signals, which are transmitted to the visual context of the brain and translated into meaning.

what factors influence our perception?

Perception is influenced by a variety of factors, including the intensity and physical dimensions of the stimulus; such activities of the sense organs as effects of preceding stimulation; the subject's past experience; attention factors such as readiness to respond to a stimulus; and motivation and emotional state of the subject.